Classified information - Wikipedia. A typical classified document. National Security Agency report. The original overall classification of the page, . The classification of individual paragraphs and reference titles is shown in parentheses. Notations with leader lines at top and bottom cite statutory authority for not declassifying certain sections.
Classified information is material that a government body claims is sensitive information that requires protection of confidentiality, integrity, or availability. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people, and mishandling can incur criminal penalties and loss of respect. A formal security clearance is often required to handle classified documents or access classified data. The clearance process usually requires a satisfactory background investigation. Documents and other information assets are typically marked with one of several (hierarchical) levels of sensitivity. The choice of level is often based on an impact assessment; governments often have their own set of rules which include the levels, rules on determining the level for an information asset, and rules on how to protect information classified at each level.
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This often includes security clearances for personnel handling the information. A distinction is often made between formal security classification and privacy markings such as . Classifications can be used with additional keywords that give more detailed instructions on how data should be used or protected. Some corporations and non- government organizations also assign sensitive information to multiple levels of protection, either from a desire to protect trade secrets, or because of laws and regulations governing various matters such as personal privacy, sealed legal proceedings and the timing of financial information releases. With the passage of time much classified information becomes much less sensitive, and may be declassified and made public. Since the late twentieth century there has been freedom of information legislation in some countries, whereby the public is deemed to have the right to all information that is not considered to be damaging if released. Sometimes documents are released with information still considered confidential obscured (redacted), as in the example at right.
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Government classification. Higher classifications protect information that might endanger national security.
Classification formalises what constitutes a . Documents covering such work field should be classified 'secret'. Fidler at the Oak Ridge Laboratory in Tennessee. This includes a diverse range of information, of varying sensitivities, and with differing consequences resulting from compromise or loss. OFFICIAL information must be secured against a threat model that is broadly similar to that faced by a large private company. The OFFICIAL classification replaces the Confidential and Restricted classifications after April 2.
UK. This is because the information is low- impact, and therefore does not require any special protection, such as vetting of personnel. A plethora of pseudo- classifications exist under this category. Clearance. Additionally, access is restricted on a . Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorize the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate . Information in these compartments is usually marked with specific keywords in addition to the classification level.
Government information about nuclear weapons often has an additional marking to show it contains such information (CNWDI). International. RESTRICTED DATA or FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA and United Kingdom ATOMIC information that has been released to NATO. ATOMAL information is marked COSMIC TOP SECRET ATOMAL (CTSA), NATO SECRET ATOMAL (NSAT), or NATO CONFIDENTIAL ATOMAL (NCA). NATO classifications. Documents with this marking are NATO property (copyright) and must not be made public without NATO permission. International organisations.
For example, in Canada, information that the U. S. A new dissemination limiting markers (DLMs) scheme was also introduced for information where disclosure may be limited or prohibited by legislation, or where it may otherwise require special handling. The DLM marking scheme comprises For Official Use Only (FOUO), Sensitive, Sensitive: Personal, Sensitive: Legal, and Sensitive: Cabinet. Thus, no document remains classified for more than 5.
This is mandated by the 2. Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso . The 2. 01. 1 law applies retroactively to existing documents.
Background and hierarchy. The access and protection of both types of information is governed by the Security of Information Act, effective December 2. Official Secrets Act 1. It is defined under the Security of Information Act, and unauthorised release of such information constitutes a higher breach of trust, with penalty of life imprisonment. SOIs include: military operations in respect of a potential, imminent or present armed conflictthe identity of confidential source of information, intelligence or assistance to the Government of Canadatools used for information gathering or intelligencethe object of a covert investigation, or a covert collection of information or intelligencethe identity of any person who is under covert surveillanceencryption and cryptographic systemsinformation or intelligence to, or received from, a foreign entity or terrorist group. Classified information.
These classifications are only used on matters of national interest. Top Secret: This applies when compromise might reasonably cause exceptionally grave injury to the national interest.
The possible impact must be great, immediate and irreparable. Secret: This applies when compromise might reasonably cause serious injury to the national interest. Confidential: When disclosure might reasonably cause injury to the national interest. Protected information. Protected information pertains to any sensitive information that does not relate to national security and cannot be disclosed under the access and privacy legislation because of the possible injury to particular public or private interests. Examples could include bankruptcy, identities of informants in criminal investigations, etc. Protected B (Particularly Sensitive protected information): is used to protect information that could cause severe injury or damage to the people or group involved if it was released.
Examples include medical records, annual personnel performance reviews, income tax returns, etc. Protected A (Low- Sensitive protected information): is applied to low sensitivity information that should not be disclosed to the public without authorization and could reasonably be expected to cause injury or embarrassment outside the national interest.
Example of Protected A information could include employee number, pay deposit banking information, etc. Federal Cabinet (Queen's Privy Council for Canada) papers are either protected (i. The red slogan says, . Regulation and enforcement is carried out by the National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets. Under the 1. 98. 9 . No service or organisation can elaborate, process, stock, transfer, display or destroy information or protected supports classified at this level without authorization from the Prime Minister or the national secretary for National Defence. Partial or exhaustive reproduction is strictly forbidden.
Secret D. Such information cannot be reproduced without authorisation from the emitting authority, except in exceptional emergencies. Confidentiel D. The levels are. Confidentiel personnels Officiers (.
This is not a classification level. Declassification of documents can be done by the Commission consultative du secret de la d. Transfer of classified information is done with double envelopes, the outer layer being plastified and numbered, and the inner in strong paper. Reception of the document involves examination of the physical integrity of the container and registration of the document. In foreign countries, the document must be transferred through specialised military mail or diplomatic bag. Transport is done by an authorised convoyer or habilitated person for mail under 2.
The letter must bear a seal mentioning . Once a year, ministers have an inventory of classified information and supports by competent authorities. Once their usage period is expired, documents are transferred to archives, where they are either destroyed (by incineration, crushing or electrical overtension), or stored.
In case of unauthorized release of classified information, competent authorities are the Ministry of Interior, the Haut fonctionnaire de d. Violation of such secrets is an offence punishable with 7 years of imprisonment and a 1. Euro fine; if the offence is committed by imprudence or negligence, the penalties are 3 years of imprisonment and a 4. Euro fine. Hong Kong. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very similar to the UK system, developed from the Colonial Hong Kong era. Four classifications exists in Hong Kong, from highest to lowest in sensitivity. People may be given access to Restricted information on the strength of an authorisation by their Head of Department, without being subjected to the background vetting associated with Confidential, Secret and Top Secret clearances.
New Zealand's security classifications and the national- harm requirements associated with their use are roughly similar to those of the United States. In addition to national security classifications there are two additional security classifications, In Confidence and Sensitive, which are used to protect information of a policy and privacy nature. There are also a number of information markings used within ministries and departments of the government, to indicate, for example, that information should not be released outside the originating ministry.