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Ernest Bevin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ernest Bevin (9 March 1. He co- founded and served as general secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union from 1. Minister of Labour in the war- time coalition government.
He succeeded in maximizing the British labour supply, for both the armed services and domestic industrial production, with a minimum of strikes and disruption. His most important role came as Foreign Secretary in the post- war Labour Government, 1. He gained American financial support, strongly opposed Communism, and aided in the creation of NATO. Bevin's tenure also saw the end of the Mandate of Palestine and the creation of the State of Israel. Bevin's role in British diplomatic history has been assessed by his biographer, Alan Bullock, Bevin: stands as the last of the line of foreign secretaries in the tradition created by Castlereagh, Canning and Palmerston in the first half of the 1.
Salisbury, Grey and Austen Chamberlain as his predecessors in the 2. British power) with no successors. His father is unknown. After his mother's death in 1. Bevin lived with his half- sister's family, moving to Morchard Bishop in Devon. He had little formal education, having briefly attended two village schools and then Hayward's School, Crediton, starting in 1. At the age of eleven, he went to work as a labourer, then as a lorry driver in Bristol, where he joined the Bristol Socialist Society.
In 1. 91. 0 he became secretary of the Bristol branch of the Dockers' Union, and in 1. Bevin was a physically huge man, strong and by the time of his political prominence very heavy. He spoke with a strong West Country accent, so much so that on one occasion listeners at Cabinet had difficulty in deciding whether he was talking about . He had developed his oratorical skills from his time as a Baptist laypreacher, which he had given up as a profession to become a full- time labour activist.
Bevin was married and had a daughter. Transport and General Workers Union. Upon his election as the union's general secretary, he became one of country's leading labour leaders, and their strongest advocate within the Labour Party. Politically, he was on the right- wing of the Labour Party, strongly opposed to communism and direct action.
He had poor relations with the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay Mac. Donald, and was not surprised when Mac. Donald formed a National Government with the Conservatives during the economic crisis of 1. Mac. Donald was expelled from the Labour Party. At the 1. 93. 1 general election, Bevin was persuaded by the remaining leaders of the Labour Party to contest Gateshead, on the understanding that if successful he would remain as general secretary of the TGWU. The National Government landslide resulted in Gateshead being lost by a large margin to the Liberal National.
Ernest (Jim Varney) gets into deep trouble when he decides to build a treehouse for the neighborhood kid and accidentally digs up an ugly, evil-tempered troll who.
Thomas Magnay. During the late Thirties, for instance, Bevin helped to instigate a successful campaign by the TUC to extend paid holidays to a wider proportion of the workforce. But during this period he became increasingly involved in foreign policy. He was a firm opponent of fascism and of British appeasement of the fascist powers. In 1. 93. 5, arguing that Italy should be punished by sanctions for her recent invasion of Abyssinia, he made a blistering attack on the pacifists in the Labour Party, accusing the Labour leader George Lansbury at the Party Conference of . After the November 1. General Election Herbert Morrison, newly returned to Parliament, challenged Attlee for the leadership but was defeated.
In later years Bevin gave Attlee (whom he privately referred to as . Churchill was impressed by Bevin's opposition to trade- union pacifism and his appetite for work (according to Churchill, Bevin was by 'far the most distinguished man that the Labour Party have thrown up in my time'), and appointed Bevin to the position of Minister for Labour and National Service. I'm going to be at the Ministry of Labour from 1. Bevin remained Minister of Labour until 1. Labour left the Coalition government. On VE Day he stood next to Churchill looking down on the crowd on Whitehall.
Ernest in the Army A Persian Gulf dictator, Tufuti, invades the country of Karifistan, subsequently plunging the United States into war. Army's most unlikely.
Foreign Secretary. One of the reasons may well have been the poor relations which existed between Bevin and Herbert Morrison, who was scheduled to play a leading role in Labour domestic policy. In praise of Bevin, his Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office (Alexander Cadogan) wrote, . However, Charmley dismisses the concerns of contemporaries such as Charles Webster and Lord Cecil of Chelwood that Bevin, a man of very strong personality, was .
Charmley argues that much of Bevin's success came because he shared the views of those officials: his earlier career had left him with an intense dislike of communists, whom he regarded as workshy intellectuals whose attempts to infiltrate trade unions were to be resisted. His former Private Secretary Oliver Harvey thought Bevin. Folly argues that Bevin was not automatically pro- American. Instead he pushed his embassy in Washington to project a view of Britain that neutralized American criticisms. He felt Britain's problems were in part caused by American irresponsibility. He was frustrated with American attitudes.
His strategy was to bring Washington around to support Britain's policies, arguing Britain had earned American support and ought to compensate it for its sacrifices against the Nazis. Bevin was not coldly pragmatic, says Folly, nor was he uncritically pro- American; nor was he a puppet manipulated by the British Foreign Office. He played a key role securing a low- interest $3. U. S. One early attempt was the Dunkirk Treaty with France in 1. It drew Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg into an arrangement for collective security, opening the way for the formation of NATO in 1. NATO was primarily aimed as a defensive measure against Soviet expansion, but it also helped bring its members closer together and enabled them to modernize their forces along parallel lines, and encourage arms purchases from Britain.
Broadly speaking, all this remained Britain's foreign policy until the late 1. Suez Crisis and the economic revival of continental Europe, now united as the . Yet at this stage Britain still maintained a network of client states in the Middle East (Egypt until the early 1. Iraq and Jordan until the late 1. Cyprus and Suez (until 1. Africa for many more decades, Bevin approving the construction of a huge new base in East Africa. In this era colonial exports earned $1.
Malaysian rubber, West African cocoa, and sugar and sisal from the West Indies. By the end of 1. 94. Britain. After the war Britain helped France and the Netherlands recover their Far Eastern empires, hopeful that this could lead towards the formation of a third superpower bloc. Bevin agreed with Duff Cooper (British Ambassador in Paris) that the Dunkirk Treaty would be a step in this direction and thought that Eden. In May 1. 95. 0 Bevin told the London meeting of foreign ministers that .
In May 1. 95. 0 he said that because of links with USA and the Commonwealth Britain was . In 1. 94. 6 during a conference, the Soviet foreign minister Molotov repeatedly attacked British proposals whilst defending Soviet policies, and in total frustration Bevin stood and lurched towards the minister whilst shouting . Two of the key institutions of the post- war world, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the Marshall Plan for aid to post- war Europe, were in considerable part the result of Bevin's efforts during these years. This policy, little different from that of the Conservatives (. The decision was taken in secret by a small Cabinet committee. Bevin told the committee in October 1.
We've got to have this thing over here whatever it costs . Those ministers who would have opposed the bomb on grounds of cost, Hugh Dalton and Sir Stafford Cripps, were excluded from the meeting in January 1. Bevin failed to secure the stated British objectives in this area of foreign policy, which included a peaceful settlement of the situation and the avoidance of involuntary population transfers. Regarding Bevin's handling of the Middle East situation, at least one commentator, David Leitch, has suggested that Bevin lacked diplomatic finesse. Bevin was undeniably a plain- spoken man, some of whose remarks struck many as insensitive. Critics have accused him of being anti- Semitic. One remark which caused particular anger was made when President Truman was pressing Britain to immediately admit 1.
Jewish refugees, survivors of the Holocaust who wanted to immigrate to Palestine. Bevin told a Labour Party meeting that American pressure to admit Jews was being applied because . I hope I will not be misunderstood in America if I say that this was proposed by the purest of motives.
They did not want too many Jews in New York. According to historian Howard Sachar, his political foe, Richard Crossman, a fellow Labour Party member of parliament and a pro- Zionist member of the post- war Anglo- American Committee of Inquiry into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine, characterised his outlook during the dying days of the Mandate as . In Sachar's account, Crossman intimated that . Neither would accept limited autonomy under overall British rule. When no agreement could be reached, Bevin threatened to hand the problem over to the United Nations.
The threat failed to move either side, the Jewish representatives because they believed that Bevin was bluffing and the Arabs because they believed that their cause would prevail before the General Assembly. Bevin accordingly announced that he would . The end of the Mandate and Britain's final withdrawal from Palestine was marked by the founding of the State of Israel and the start of the 1. Arab- Israeli War, when five Arab states intervened in the inter- communal fighting. The Arab armies were led by the state with that position which was most effective, Jordan, whose military forces were trained and led by British officers. The remainder was divided between Jordan and Egypt.
Algeria- French Morocco Introduction. World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the. However, the half century that now separates us from. While World. War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians. Americans has grown to maturity. During the. next several years, the U.
S. Army will participate in the nation's 5. World War II. The commemoration will include. Americans about that. The works produced will provide great opportunities to learn about. Army that fought so magnificently in what has been. The following. essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles. Army's significant military feats from that.
Army Center of Military History. Charles R. I hope this absorbing account of that period will. American achievements during World War II. Stone Secretary of the Army. Algeria- French Morocco.
November 1. 94. 2- 1. November 1. 94. 2Events bringing the United States Army to North Africa had begun more. Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. For both the Axis.
Allies, the Mediterranean Sea area was one of uncertain priority. But the stronger German partner pursued interests hundreds. A similar division of emphasis characterized the Allies. But the fall of. France in June 1. The. surrender of Paris left 1. French troops in West and North Africa. French fleet in Atlantic and Mediterranean ports.
Both. the Axis and Allies saw overseas French forces as the decisive advantage. Mediterranean. Ever since.
Poland on 1 September 1. Adolf Hitler had. Great Britain, much too. When the air raids of 1. British. surrender, Hitler sought to isolate areas of British interest in the Mediterranean. Strait of Gibraltar. But the Spanish. dictator Francisco Franco frustrated the project by placing a high price.
In the meantime, independent actions by Italy forced. Berlin to give more attention to the Mediterranean. Italian offensives. British forces in Egypt and Greece bogged down and had to be hastily. German units. Not until April 1. Hitler's generals from planning the. Navy task force carrying General Patton s Western Task.
Forceapproaches the coast of French Morocco. Axis forces. held Greece and the island of Crete as well as Sicily, the stepping- stone. Tunisia. In North Africa General Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and his.
Afrika Korps, allied with an Italian army of questionable ability. British into Egypt to a point only sixty miles from Alexandria. The bottleneck at Gibraltar was. German submarines. Both the Axis and Allies. Mediterranean area, and to justify their presence.
Both would also have to deal with. French forces. fight with the Axis or Allies? While the Allies agreed. Europe would be liberated.
Asia- they deadlocked on a method of achievement. American members. Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) wanted to strike at Nazi Germany. England in 1. 94. Germans to divert units from the east and easing pressure on the Soviet.
Union. But believing the American proposal premature, British CCS members. Allied thrust into either Norway, where a linkup with Soviet. Africa in conjunction with a Red. Army advance to the west in Europe. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston S.
Churchill finally broke. Combined Chiefs. The President agreed to send American. North Africa in late 1.
Prime Minister agreed to support. Channel attack in 1. Their differences resolved. American and British CCS members in London began planning the entrance. United States Army into the Mediterranean area, an operation named.
TORCH. After receiving the views of both sides, President. Roosevelt selected Lt. Eisenhower to be Commander in Chief.
Allied Force. Prime Minister Churchill quickly approved. The TORCH planning. Selection of task force and support commanders would have to. TORCH planners studied the terrain.
African coasts and surveyed forces available. Amid another. extended CCS debate, Roosevelt and Churchill intervened in favor of simultaneous. Casablanca, 1. 90 miles south of Gibraltar on the. Atlantic coast; Oran, 2. Gibraltar; and Algiers, 2. But French animosity toward the British dating from the aftermath. France in June 1.
Because the British had sunk a. French ships in North African ports to keep them out of German. French sailors, the French command. Africa would not cooperate with a British invasion force. Thus, the. Combined Chiefs had to maintain as much as possible an American character.
Patton, Jr., would lead Western Task Force into Casablanca; Maj. Fredendall would lead Center Task Force into Oran; and British. Lt. Anderson would lead Eastern Task Force into Algiers. Ryder. was selected to lead the initial landing force at Algiers. Naval support. would be coordinated through the Royal Navy. Land- based air support would. British and one American, the latter under.
Brig. General Eisenhower hoped to make these three. October, but as planning advanced, D- day was set for 8. November. Rather. Casablanca directly, where an estimated fifty thousand. French troops might resist, Patton decided to come ashore at three detached.
Preceded by several battalion landing teams (BLTs, task- organized. Patton's armored force would land at Safi. Other. landing teams would come ashore at Mehdia, 8. Casablanca. their principal mission the capture of two airfields in the area. Most. of Patton's infantry would land at Fedala, 1. Casablanca. Naval support would come from an American task force of 1 aircraft. Rear Adm. The Navy would also provide air support.
Twelfth. Air Force squadrons. Harmon, commanding. Armored Division. Harmon's Sub- Task Force BLACKSTONE consisted.
Infantry, 9th Infantry Division. Armored Regiment, 2d. Armored Division. Tank Battalion (Separate); and several artillery batteries.
Debarkation of troops. General Eisenhower had decided that if French.
TORCH they would have to fire the first shot. Navy ships immediately returned fire.
As naval gunfire. French batteries, the first American troops to land in French Morocco- Company. K, 4. 7th Infantry- came ashore at 0. GREEN Beach. Forty- five minutes. French and Moroccan troops and key points. By daylight. American troops controlled all port facilities, the post office, telecommunications.
Reinforced by continuing waves of landing craft, American. Sunrise made possible more accurate naval gunfire, and by 1. French batteries were out of action. Most resistance to BLACKSTONE infantry. American troops surrounded and isolated. As artillery. was off- loaded, it too was trained on the barracks.
But because Eisenhower. Patton hoped to gain without a costly battle the surrender of troops. Axis armies, they issued no attack order. In the worst incident.
Many vehicles. reaching the beach had drowned engines and faulty batteries. Not until. the town was secured could a deep- draft vehicle transport, called a seatrain. Although all battalion. Despite the problems experienced by the Americans, the French.
Eleven hours after stepping onto French Morocco. Americans controlled Safi. At dawn several French planes flew through. However, only one managed to. Navy planes raided the airfield at Marrakech, destroying.
French troops. bound for Safi. Moving east of town, American tanks and artillery overran. He formed most of.
Casablanca. Truscott's Sub- Task. Force GOALPOST consisted of the 6. Infantry, 9th Infantry Division; the. Battalion, 6. 6th Armored Regiment, 2d Armored Division; elements of. Tank Battalion (Separate); and seven coast artillery batteries. Its main objectives. Port- Lyautey and at Sale, 2.
Rabat. While the coastline was smooth. Sebou River meandered sharply in an .
An advance straight. Mehdia was the most direct route to the airfield, but the troops. From bluffs between the towns artillery. General Truscott thus decided to land his troops. Two battalion landing teams. Port- Lyautey airdrome, shielded by themeandering Sebou River. If all went as planned, the airfield and towns would.
American control by sundown on D- day. Approaching the coast the previous night, Navy transports. H- hour was then delayed to allow boat crews to improvise. Heavy seas further slowed debarkation. As at Sari, all landing. Battalion Landing Team had landed before dawn. Later waves were.
The 1st and 3d Battalion Landing Teams missed. At dawn French planes strafed the beaches and bombed transports. To the south the 1st Battalion. Landing Team struggled in the sand for. To the rear French reinforcements from Rabat were firing on.
In the middle the 2d Battalion Landing Team stopped. French counterattack.
While the Navy. was firing on the Mehdia fortress, troops ashore did not yet have enough. French batteries, whose fire kept tank lighters. By nightfall on D- day the Americans occupied precarious. On the south the 1st Battalion Landing Team. French infantry- armor columns.
But tragedy stopped the advance: unidentified artillery. U. S. In the middle. Team could do no more than hold position only a mile inland against. French unit reinforced the previous night. To the north the 3d Battalion. Landing Team succeeded in placing troops and artillery north and east of.
Port- Lyautey. On the Sebou River the destroyer- transport Dallas. As the night wore on, some colonial. Foreign Legion units continued to resist. At 0. 43. 0 the companies reached a building they thought. Intent on maintaining surprise, the troops.
Bursting in, the embarrassed. Americans discovered they had captured a French cafe. Some 7. 5 patrons put. Patrols rounded up about 1.
On the river. the Dallas passed a gauntlet of artillery fire and debarked the. American troops now occupied. Although naval. gunfire had silenced the larger batteries earlier, machine- gun and rifle. Navy dive bombers were called in, and after only one bombing. After claiming the fort and gathering prisoners.
Battalion Landing Team moved on to close the ring around the airport. At 0. 40. 0 on 1. November a cease- fire. GOALPOST objectives under. American control. Anderson's Sub- Task Force. BRUSHWOOD consisted of three regimental landing groups (RLG), based on.
Infantry Regiments, 3d Infantry Division. Other. combat elements included the 1st Battalion, 6. Armored Regiment, and.